Quantum Theory: Wolff's Explanation of the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR) Experiment

Further Predictions that can be Confirmed by Modifying the EPR Experiment (1994)

'The Ultimate Paradox - Bell's Theorem' by Milo Wolff, Exploring the Physics of the Unknown Universe, 1994

In l935, Albert Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) put forward a gedanken (thought) experiment whose outcome they thought was certain to show that there existed natural phenomena that quantum theory could not account for. The experiment was based on the concept that two events cannot influence each other if the distance between them is greater than the distance light could travel in the time available. In other words, only local events inside the light sphere can influence one another.
Their experimental concept was later used by John Bell (1964) to frame a theorem which showed that either the statistical predictions of quantum theory or the Principle of Local Events is incorrect. It did not say which one was false but only that both cannot be true, although it was clear that Albert Einstein expected The Principle to be affirmed.
When later experiments (Clauser & Freedman 1972; Aspect, Dalibard, and Roger, 1982; and others) confirmed that quantum theory was correct, the conclusion was startling. The Principle of Local Events failed, forcing us to recognize that the world is not the way it appears. What then is the real nature of our world?
The important impact of Bell's Theorem and the experiments is that they clearly thrust, a formerly only philosophical dilemma of quantum theory, into the real world. They show that post-modern physics' ideas about the world are somehow profoundly deficient. No one understood these results and only scant scientific attention has been paid to them.

The Essence of Bell's Theorem

His theorem relates to the results of an experiment like the one shown in Figure 1.7.1 (see above): A source of two paired photons, obtained from the simultaneous decay of two excited atomic states, is at the center. At opposite sides, are located two detectors of polarized photons. The polarization filters of each detector can be set parallel to each other, or at some other angle, freely chosen. It is known that polarizations of paired photons are always parallel to each other, but random with respect to their surroundings. So, if the detector filters are set parallel, both photons will be detected simultaneously. If the filters are at right angles, the two photons will never be detected together. The detection pattern for settings at intermediate angles is the subject of the theorem.
Bell (and Albert Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen) assumed that the photons arriving at each detector could have no knowledge of the setting of the other detector. This is because they assumed that such information would have to travel faster than the speed of light - prohibited by Albert Einstein's Special Relativity. Their assumption reflects the Principle of Local Causes, that is, only events local to each detector can affect its behaviour.
Based on this assumption, Bell deduced that the relationship between the angular difference between detector settings and the detected coincidences of photon pairs was linear, like line L in Figure 1.7.2. His deduction comes from the symmetry and independence of the two detectors, as follows: A setting difference of X, at one detector has the same effect as a difference X, at the other detector. Hence if both are moved X, the total angular difference is 2X and the total effect is twice as much, which is a linear relationship.

The results of these experiments were so disbelieved that they were repeated by other persons, using different photon sources, as well as particles with paired spins. The most recent experiment by Aspect, Dalibard, and Roger, used acousto-optical switches at a frequency of 50MHz which shifted the settings of the polarizers during the flight of the photons, to completely eliminate any possibility of local effects of one detector on the other. Nevertheless, they reported that the EPR assumption was violated by five standard deviations, whereas quantum theory was verified within experimental error (about 2%).

Do Non-local Influences Exist?

Bell's Theorem and the experimental results imply that parts of the universe are connected in an intimate way (i.e. not obvious to us) and these connections are fundamental (quantum theory is fundamental). How can we understand them? The problem has been analysed in depth (Wheeler & Zurek 1983, d'Espagnat 1983, Herbert 1985, Stapp 1982, Bohm & Hiley 1984, Pagels 1982, and others) without resolution. Those authors tend to agree on the following description of the non-local connections:
1. They link events at separate locations without known fields or matter.
2. They do not diminish with distance; a million miles is the same as an inch.
3. They appear to act with speed greater than light.
Clearly, within the framework of science, this is a perplexing phenomenon. In some mysterious quantum way, communication does appear to take place faster than light between the two detectors of the apparatus. These results showed that our understanding of the physical world is profoundly deficient.

Explaining the EPR-Bell 'Instant' Communication

The Spherical Wave Structure of Matter, particularly the behaviour of the In and Out Waves, is able to resolve this puzzle so that the appearance of instant communication is understood and yet neither Albert Einstein nor QM need be wrong. In order to show this, it is necessary to carefully look at the detailed process of exchanging energy between two atoms, by the action of the IN/OUT waves of both atoms. Remember that for resonant coupling it is necessary for the In and Out Waves of both electrons to interact with one another. The passage of both In-Waves through both Wave-Centers precedes the actual frequency shifts of the source and detector. A means to detect this first passage event is not a capability of the usual photo-detector apparatus and remains totally unnoticed. But the In-Waves are symmetrical counterparts of the Out-Waves and carry the information of their polarization state between parts of the experimental apparatus before the Out-Waves cause a departing photon event. The IN-waves travel with the speed of light so there is no violation of relativity. At this point you may be inclined to disbelieve the reality of the In-Wave. But there is other evidence for it. Remember, it explains the de Broglie wavelength and thereby QM. It is necessary to explain the relativistic mass increase of a moving object or the symmetry in its direction of motion. It is responsible for the finite force of the SR electron at its center. Are all of these merely coincidence? Especially, it is the combination of In and Out Waves which explains these laws, not just the In-Waves. If you believe in one you are forced to believe in the other.
(Note added by Haselhurst - In fact without In-Waves there can be no Out-Waves, as the Out-Waves are simply the In-Waves after they have propagated In and Out through the Wave-Center. Thus effectively Wolff is saying that the electrons in the experiment are already interconnected with one another, and hence are already 'aware' of one another's resonant state and polarization, before the paired photons are emitted. It is this subtle interconnection of Matter that explains the apparent conflict of the EPR experiment.)

Can Proof of the In-Waves be Found?

For someone to really believe a new theory, an experiment to show the existence of new phenomena not previously known is most persuasive. To prove the existence of the In-Waves (and thus the pre-existing interconnection of the electrons with the rest of the apparatus) would be just such a critical experiment. This can likely be accomplished with an apparatus of the type used by Aspect, Dalibard, and Rogers (1982) except that instead of making a random filter setting during a photon's passage time, the filter setting should occur during the time period preceding photon departure. The purpose is to frustrate communication by the In-Waves. As the In-Waves are necessary to the energy exchange process, then the result of the experiment would be a linear relation between the angular difference of the two filters. This would be the result originally expected by Albert Einstein for the EPR experiment.
(End of Section from Milo Wolff.)

The Wave Structure of Matter is a profound new way of looking at how Matter exists and interacts with other matter in Space. Wolff has explained a very simple change to a very famous experiment that currently causes Quantum Theory, and Human intellectual knowledge in general, profound problems and paradoxes. Thus it seems to us absolutely essential that this experiment be re-done as suggested above. We sincerely hope that this work on the Metaphysics of Space and Motion and the Spherical Wave Structure of Matter will ultimately lead to this new 'Paradigm' being taken seriously, and that this experiment will be performed sooner rather than later!

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